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";s:4:"text";s:30306:"His thirst for knowledge was insatiable, though it never became the near-mania that haunted Philip II. [87] In 1540, Henry sanctioned the complete destruction of shrines to saints. [227] Henry was also responsible for the creation of a permanent navy, with the supporting anchorages and dockyards. In this 2009 article from BBC History Magazine, Starkey tells David Musgrove why the untold story of Henry VIII's childhood is crucial in understanding his attitude to women, and his early success as king…. Prince Henry as a young child. Scarisbrick largely kept Elton's regard for Cromwell's abilities but returned agency to Henry, who Scarisbrick considered to have ultimately directed and shaped policy. Aug 28, 2013 - Young Henry VIII Portrait | Young King Henry - by Mark Satchwill from Historical Portraits 1544, Aug.-Dec.- Vol. The religious houses had been the only support of the impoverished,[218] and the reforms alienated much of the populace outside London, helping to provoke the great northern rising of 1536–37, known as the Pilgrimage of Grace. Henry expects love and marriage to be the same”. [120] It was followed by the beginnings of a reformed liturgy and of the Book of Common Prayer, which would take until 1549 to complete. He turned to law, also picking up a good knowledge of the Bible, and was admitted to Gray's Inn in 1524. 12, pt. 1–2. 1517–1518.- Vol. [235][236] For a time it looked as if peace might be restored with the return of Kildare to Ireland to manage the tribes, but the effect was limited and the Irish parliament soon rendered ineffective. Eustace Chapuys wrote to Charles V on 28 January reporting that Anne was pregnant. [117] After seeing Holbein's portrait, and urged on by the complimentary description of Anne given by his courtiers, the 49-year-old king agreed to wed Anne. [226] Tactically, Henry's reign saw the Navy move away from boarding tactics to employ gunnery instead. [66] This bias was perhaps the result of pressure from Emperor Charles V, Catherine's nephew, but it is not clear how far this influenced either Campeggio or the Pope. The strong air of competition laid to rest any hopes of a renewal of the Treaty of London, however, and conflict was inevitable. “The young Henry, unlike Arthur, seems to have been a natural sportsman. In 1536, for example, Henry granted his assent to the Laws in Wales Act 1535, which legally annexed Wales, uniting England and Wales into a single nation. [66][68] After a short period in which Henry took government upon his own shoulders,[69] Sir Thomas More took on the role of Lord Chancellor and chief minister. Even when they were together – we know they are in the summer of 1497 at Woodstock – but even then Arthur is with his father and Henry is with his mother, and the Italian ambassador is introduced to him separately. Following Henry's excommunication, Pope Paul III rescinded the grant of the title "Defender of the Faith", but an Act of Parliament (35 Hen 8 c 3) declared that it remained valid; and it continues in royal usage to the present day, as evidenced by the letters FID DEF or F.D. 15. [234], The Desmond situation was resolved on his death in 1529, which was followed by a period of uncertainty. [125][126] He was subsequently attainted and beheaded. See, Henry was his parents’ third child and second son. The royal couple enjoyed periods of calm and affection, but Anne refused to play the submissive role expected of her. There seems to be a problem, please try again. 18, pt. The Act of Supremacy in 1534 declared that the king was "the only Supreme Head on Earth of the Church of England" and the Treasons Act 1534 made it high treason, punishable by death, to refuse the Oath of Supremacy acknowledging the king as such. [124], On 28 July 1540 (the same day Cromwell was executed), Henry married the young Catherine Howard, a first cousin and lady-in-waiting of Anne Boleyn. Much of this new schism is Henry’s doing. [27] Catherine had two stillborn sons in 1513 and 1515, but gave birth in February 1516 to a girl, Mary. The relationship with the mother is important psychologically but it’s also enormously important in terms of the politics.”. “I think he was spoilt. 1536, July–Dec.- Vol. 1545, Aug.-Dec.- Vol. Sensing this, Henry decided to take England out of the war before his ally, signing the Treaty of the More on 30 August 1525. He had been supporting Ferdinand and Maximilian financially during the campaign but had received little in return; England's coffers were now empty. One contemporary verse rejoiced that the kingdom “now cleared is from the clerk… By Harry our king the flower of nature’s work.” Henry VIII was King of England and Ireland from 21 April 1509 until 28 January 1547, and is perhaps one of the most famous monarchs in English history. You might think that there really can’t be much more to say about Henry VIII. Henry originally used the style "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England, France and Lord of Ireland". [3], In the winter of 1532, Henry met with Francis I at Calais and enlisted the support of the French king for his new marriage. [26], Soon after, Catherine conceived, but the child, a girl, was stillborn on 31 January 1510. [224] In 1538–39, Cromwell overhauled the shire musters, but his work mainly served to demonstrate how inadequate they were in organisation. Henry needed the money; the 1544 campaign had cost £650,000, and England was once again bankrupt. The Privy Council was informed of her affair with Dereham whilst Henry was away; Thomas Cranmer was dispatched to investigate, and he brought evidence of Queen Catherine's previous affair with Dereham to the king's notice. Thomas Wolsey, Thomas More, Thomas Cromwell, Richard Rich, and Thomas Cranmer all figured prominently in his administration. He died aged 28, six years before his father, leaving his brother Richard to become the next king. [134] In 1543, the Third Succession Act put them back in the line of succession after Edward. The result was an extensive compendium, the Valor Ecclesiasticus. This income came from the Crown lands that Henry owned as well as from customs duties like tonnage and poundage, granted by parliament to the king for life. Elizabeth of York. [177] Following Wolsey's downfall, Henry took full control of his government, although at court numerous complex factions continued to try to ruin and destroy each other. In part, it helped to bring about a period of very high inflation from 1544 onwards. [108] The birth was difficult, and the queen died on 24 October 1537 from an infection and was buried in Windsor. Everything you ever wanted to know about... Did Henry VIII acknowledge any of his illegitimate children? [93] Henry saw the rebels as traitors and did not feel obliged to keep his promises to them, so when further violence occurred after Henry's offer of a pardon he was quick to break his promise of clemency. [171] Historian J.D. She also employed Francis Dereham, who had previously been informally engaged to her and had an affair with her prior to her marriage, as her secretary. An invasion of France was planned for 1543. [18] Catherine was therefore left in limbo for some time, culminating in Prince Henry's rejection of the marriage as soon he was able, at the age of 14. [139], Late in life, Henry became obese, with a waist measurement of 54 inches (140 cm), and had to be moved about with the help of mechanical devices. He welcomes them himself. It took another meeting of the council, however, before Henry believed the accusations against Dereham and went into a rage, blaming the council before consoling himself in hunting. 2. Both hoped for friendly relations in place of the wars of the previous decade. Certainly, war with the combined might of the two powers would have been exceedingly difficult. [48] With the replacement of Julius by Pope Leo X, who was inclined to negotiate for peace with France, Henry signed his own treaty with Louis: his sister Mary would become Louis' wife, having previously been pledged to the younger Charles, and peace was secured for eight years, a remarkably long time. As king, Henry's arms were the same as those used by his predecessors since Henry IV: Quarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lys Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England). The man to lead this effort was Sir Antony St Leger, as Lord Deputy of Ireland, who would remain into the post past Henry's death. 10. It means that the English political elite don’t know him. There has been speculation that Mary's two children, Henry Carey and Catherine Carey, were fathered by Henry, but this has never been proved, and the King never acknowledged them as he did in the case of Henry FitzRoy. [171] Pollard's interpretation remained the dominant interpretation of Henry's life until the publication of the doctoral thesis of G. R. Elton in 1953. Anne was also arrested, accused of treasonous adultery and incest. [240] Until the break with Rome, it was widely believed that Ireland was a Papal possession granted as a mere fiefdom to the English king, so in 1541 Henry asserted England's claim to the Kingdom of Ireland free from the Papal overlordship. Henry established a new political theology of obedience to the crown that continued for the next decade. Muriel St Clair Byrne, editor of the Lisle Letters, believes that this was a false pregnancy too. “I think that it’s pretty clear that Henry had a genuine affection for his mother. As he wasn’t brought up to be the king, he had a very different childhood experience to his elder brother, and this made Henry something of an over-indulged mummy’s boy in Starkey’s view. Dr David Starkey’s Henry: Virtuous Prince and Henry: Model of a Tyrant are out now. Henry cultivated the image of a Renaissance man, and his court was a centre of scholarly and artistic innovation and glamorous excess, epitomised by the Field of the Cloth of Gold. [159] He could also sightread music and sing well. He also converted the money that was formerly paid to Rome into royal revenue. [171] One traditional approach, favoured by Starkey and others, is to divide Henry's reign into two halves, the first Henry being dominated by positive qualities (politically inclusive, pious, athletic but also intellectual) who presided over a period of stability and calm, and the latter a "hulking tyrant" who presided over a period of dramatic, sometimes whimsical, change. 3. The Scottish Regent Lord Arran agreed to the marriage in the Treaty of Greenwich on 1 July 1543, but it was rejected by the Parliament of Scotland on 11 December. The programme was designed primarily to create a landed gentry beholden to the crown, which would use the lands much more efficiently. [citation needed], Henry's precise motivations and intentions over the coming years are not widely agreed on. Henry VIII was king of England from 21 April 1509 until his death, He was lord, and later king, of Ireland. [139] Henry was left alone against France, unable to make peace. King Henry VIII held a great love of jousting. The descendants of Henry's sister Margaret—the Stuarts, rulers of Scotland—were thereby excluded from the succession. Henry likes women. 1524–1526.- Vol. ', Neil Murphy, "Violence, Colonization and Henry VIII's Conquest of France, 1544–1546.". Born on 28 June 1491 at Greenwich Palace in London, Henry was the second eldest son to Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. However, the child died seven weeks later. By 1531, Cromwell and his associates were already responsible for the drafting of much legislation. The power of the court itself did not outlive Wolsey, however, since no serious administrative reform was undertaken and its role eventually devolved to the localities. [133] Parr helped reconcile Henry with his daughters, Mary and Elizabeth. Yet as E. L. Woodward put it, Henry's determination to divorce Catherine was the occasion rather than the cause of the English Reformation so that "neither too much nor too little must be made of this divorce". This is traditionally seen as the end of the Wars of the Roses, with Tudor becoming Henry VII and then going on to cement his position by marrying Elizabeth, the eldest daughter of the Yorkist king Edward IV (Richard III’s elder brother who died in 1483). 2. [233] Surrey was recalled in 1521, with Piers Butler – one of the claimants to the Earldom of Ormond – appointed in his place. [96] The queen was pregnant again, and she was aware of the consequences if she failed to give birth to a son. [47] Among the dead was the Scottish king, thus ending Scotland's brief involvement in the war. The vivacity and opinionated intellect that had made her so attractive as an illicit lover made her too independent for the largely ceremonial role of a royal wife and it made her many enemies. On the morning of July 28, 1540, as King Henry’s VIII’s former confidante Thomas Cromwell was being led to his execution, a teenager named Catherine Howard began her reign as queen of a country simmering with rebellion and terrifying uncertainty. When Henry VIII ascended the throne in April 1509, his subjects were quick to draw favourable comparisons between the new king’s youthful exuberance and his dour old father. Where Henry did intervene personally in the running of the country, Elton argued, he mostly did so to its detriment. The following day, Henry dressed all in yellow, with a white feather in his bonnet. 1515–1516.- Vol. [99] Also opposed to Anne were supporters of reconciliation with Princess Mary (among them the former supporters of Catherine), who had reached maturity. [165][166][167], The power of Tudor monarchs, including Henry, was 'whole' and 'entire', ruling, as they claimed, by the grace of God alone. [188], Henry inherited a vast fortune and a prosperous economy from his father, who had been frugal. To Cromwell's annoyance, Henry insisted on parliamentary time to discuss questions of faith, which he achieved through the Duke of Norfolk. Although Clement agreed to the creation of such a court, he never had any intention of empowering his legate, Lorenzo Campeggio, to decide in Henry's favour. 1531–1532.- Vol. At home, he oversaw the legal union of England and Wales with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542, and he was the first English monarch to rule as King of Ireland following the Crown of Ireland Act 1542. Henry later took personal command, and Boulogne fell on 18 September 1544. Ferdinand's solution was to make his daughter ambassador, allowing her to stay in England indefinitely. Here we take a look at some wax figures of his wives and descriptions of their appearance – we are attempting to bring the Tudor queens to life. [38] Shortly thereafter, however, Henry also signed a pact with Ferdinand. It is only Henry with this Yorkist blood, this Yorkist sense of himself, with this closeness to his mother and her place at the heart of the surviving members of the Yorkist royal family, who is able to bring about peace in England. [159] He was an accomplished musician, author, and poet; his best-known piece of music is "Pastime with Good Company" ("The Kynges Ballade"), and he is reputed to have written "Greensleeves" but probably did not.[160]. On June 24, 1509, Henry VIII received the crown of England. [144][145] Historian Susan Maclean Kybett ascribes his demise to scurvy, which is caused by insufficient vitamin C most often due to a lack of fresh fruits and vegetables in one's diet. His contribution to larger vessels, if any, is unknown, but it is believed that he influenced the design of rowbarges and similar galleys. [63] The work represented a staunch defence of papal supremacy, albeit one couched in somewhat contingent terms. Henry renewed his father's friendship with Louis XII of France, an issue that divided his council. Elizabeth is holding the white rose of the … It’s his nicest feature: his attitude to women and love. [29] Blount is one of only two completely undisputed mistresses, considered by some to be few for a virile young king. Nos. [192] Tudor monarchs had to fund all government expenses out of their own income. [115] Hans Holbein the Younger was dispatched to Cleves to paint a portrait of Anne for the king. It is of course his divorce from his first wife, Katherine of Aragon, that leads to the break from the Catholic Church in Rome and the launch of the Reformation in England. Henry has the great misfortune that apart from the Grey family, who do go as fully for the Reformation as possible, the other great surviving Yorkist families become impassioned supporters of traditional Catholic piety. [121] It was soon clear that Henry had fallen for the 17-year-old Catherine Howard, the Duke of Norfolk's niece, the politics of which worried Cromwell, for Norfolk was a political opponent. Despite vast sums of money, much diplomatic wrangling, and several battles, his foreign policy was mostly inconsequential. The other is that he takes it too seriously. At the time, Henry recovered quickly from the shock. 1, pt. 21, pt. Anne was an unusually educated and intellectual woman for her time and was keenly absorbed and engaged with the ideas of the Protestant Reformers, but the extent to which she herself was a committed Protestant is much debated. They reemerged during the reign of Henry's daughter Mary (1553–58). [16] Isabella's death in 1504, and the ensuing problems of succession in Castile, complicated matters. But in their turn come a new set of rifts, this time focused around religion. [74] She soon became pregnant, and there was a second wedding service in London on 25 January 1533. So that means he very quickly becomes a known figure.”. [62] Henry himself, at least in the early part of his reign, was a devout and well-informed Catholic to the extent that his 1521 publication Assertio Septem Sacramentorum ("Defence of the Seven Sacraments") earned him the title of Fidei Defensor (Defender of the Faith) from Pope Leo X. Politically motivated executions would remain one of Henry's primary tactics for dealing with those who stood in his way. He was immensely considerate when they were pregnant. If Edward died childless, the throne was to pass to Mary, Henry VIII's daughter by Catherine of Aragon, and her heirs. After a little debate, Henry became the new Duke of Cornwall in October 1502, and the new Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester in February 1503. [31] The most significant mistress for about three years, starting in 1516, was Elizabeth Blount. [118] However, it was not long before Henry wished to annul the marriage so he could marry another. The process had been efficient, with minimal resistance, and brought the crown some £90,000 a year. As a young teenager Henry had been denied the ability to joust in competitions as he was the sole heir to the throne. This is where we’ve got the psychology wrong. [29] The young boy was made Duke of Richmond in June 1525 in what some thought was one step on the path to his eventual legitimisation. 19, pt. [171] For Scarisbrick, Henry was a formidable, captivating man who "wore regality with a splendid conviction". [5] Of the young Henry's six (or seven) siblings, only three – his brother Arthur, Prince of Wales, and sisters Margaret and Mary – survived infancy. His obesity and other medical problems can be traced to the jousting accident in 1536 in which he suffered a leg wound. 1538, Jan.-July.- Vol. 21, pt. He scouted the country for choirboys, taking some directly from Wolsey's choir, and introduced Renaissance music into court. [183] Cromwell made the various income streams Henry VII put in place more formal and assigned largely autonomous bodies for their administration. [91] Some 20,000 to 40,000 rebels were led by Robert Aske, together with parts of the northern nobility. Throughout his reign he had to fend off a still bullish Yorkist faction, as exemplified by the support given to the pretender to the throne Perkin Warbeck. [180] Cromwell's first office was that of the master of the king's jewels in 1532, from which he began to invigorate the government finances. It reflected Martin Luther's new interpretation of the fourth commandment ("Honour thy father and mother"), brought to England by William Tyndale. [100][101], Anne's downfall came shortly after she had recovered from her final miscarriage. He is arguably the most famous English monarch of all time. David Starkey is one of Britain’s most famous historians, with a number of bestselling books and TV series behind him. About four months later, Catherine again became pregnant. The dissolution of the monasteries provided a means to replenish the treasury, and as a result, the Crown took possession of monastic lands worth £120,000 (£36 million) a year. George Boleyn and the other accused men were executed on 17 May 1536. [43], On 30 June 1513, Henry invaded France, and his troops defeated a French army at the Battle of the Spurs – a relatively minor result, but one which was seized on by the English for propaganda purposes. 13, pt. 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