";s:4:"text";s:29697:"An increased separation between the stable head in the shallow aquifer and the falling head in the deep aquifer has greatly intensified the downward flow of shallow groundwater into deeper, low-As aquifers. 2003 Jan-Mar;4(1):7-14. Current Sci. Origin of groundwater arsenic in a rural Pleistocene aquifer in Bangladesh depressurized by distal municipal pumping, Water Resources Research (2020). Ground water arsenic contamination and its health effects in Bangladesh. The information you enter will appear in your email message and is. Pumping lowers groundwater heads and creates concentric patterns of water level drawdown, collectively known as the "cone of depression." Arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh: reports If you wish to use this material please note the requirement to acknowledge it . Fifty million people of Bangladesh were estimated to be at risk of exposure to arsenic through consumption of water from contaminated tubewells. The content is provided for information purposes only. … And at the same time, As is retarded with respect to groundwater flow. -. Our new results indicate that, within only a decade, shallow groundwater can penetrate the top of the low-As aquifer in the study area. 2000;78(9):1093–1103. We conclude from field observations that As was retarded because otherwise, the entire low-As aquifer would have already been contaminated. Well water contaminated by arsenic in Bangladesh is considered one of the most devastating public health crises in the world. Under the Bangladesh Arsenic Mitigation Water Supply Project (BAMWSP), the department conducted a nationwide screening covering 57,482 villages located in 271 upazilas. On the one hand, the rate of As transport through breaks in the clay will be limited by the retardation of As. 8600 Rockville Pike drinking water sourced from groundwater is a global public health problem that is particularly devastating in Bangladesh We conclude that portions of the low-As aquifer are particularly vulnerable to As contamination in the region. This site uses cookies to assist with navigation, analyse your use of our services, and provide content from third parties. Status of groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh: a 14-year study report. Paradoxically, the presence of the clay layer also directly threatens the underlying groundwater. In Bangladesh, one of the poorest and most densely populated countries in the world, concerns about arsenic-contaminated rice crops have led … 237-248. Source: National Arsenic Mitigation Information Center, BAMWSP. Abstract. Ninety-seven percent of the population in the country uses groundwater for drinking and domestic purposes as surfacewater is mismanaged. Jones H, Visoottiviseth P, Bux MK, Födényi R, Kováts N, Borbély G, Galbács Z. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work. We show that groundwater overpumping in the megacity of Dhaka, located 25 km west of the study area, has threatened the sustainability of the low-As aquifer in this particular region. How was this dual protection against As intrusion breached? Chronic exposure to arsenic causes arsenicosis and may include multi-organ pathologies. The relative importance of the two pathways of As contamination remains elusive. This is particularly true for the Bengal delta. Twenty years ago, Smith and colleagues described groundwater arsenic (As) contamination in Bangladesh as the "largest mass poisoning of a population in history." largest mass poisoning of a population in history, shallow groundwater into deeper, low-As aquifers, shallow groundwater travel times to vulnerable low-As aquifers, thick clay layer was a hotspot for As contamination. The government identifies people … Identifying the Costs of a Public Health Success: Arsenic Well Water Contamination and Productivity in Bangladesh EGC Research Summary, December 2020 The contamination of groundwater by arsenic in Bangladesh is the largest poisoning of a population in history. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. To avoid arsenic contamination, many Bangladeshi households access water via private wells drilled to 300 feet or less, beneath impermeable clay layers. Groundwater models to trace the source of arsenic. The arsenic contamination was first identified in the tubewell water in 1993 in a northern district of Bangladesh. The low-As aquifer is seemingly protected from the intrusion of shallower (<50 m), high-As groundwater because a thick, low permeability clay layer acts as a barrier between them. Arsenic contaminated water is being consumed, and will continue to be consumed, by millions of people throughout Bangladesh and West Bengal, India because there has been no alternate to the wells. Arsenic is a widespread contaminant of drinking and groundwaters in the world. [Accessed March 16, 2018]. Bull World Health Organ. The contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh by arsenic is a widespread and serious environmental problem, affecting mainly the rural population who rely extensively on groundwater for drinking and cooking. The arsenic contamination was first identified in the tubewell water in 1993 in a northern district of Bangladesh. Well water contaminated by arsenic in Bangladesh is considered one of the most devastating public health crises in the world. The groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh is known as the largest natural calamity in the world in terms of the affected population. Arsenic mitigation We conclude that portions of the low-As aquifer are particularly vulnerable to As contamination in the region. We studied a rural area in Bangladesh where the villagers reduced their exposure to As over the past decade largely through installation of private wells at >50 m depth within a sandy, low-As aquifer. Effect of Safe Water on Arsenicosis: A Follow-up Study. While its health effects have been widely studied, the economic impacts had not been rigorously analyzed until now. Epub 2010 Jun 30. Goel V, Bell GJ, Sridhar S, Islam MS, Yunus M, Ali MT, Khan MA, Alam MN, Faruque A, Kabir MM, Babu S, Brandt K, Shelus V, Sobsey MD, Emch M. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Smith AH, Lingas EO, Rahman M. Contamination of drinking-water by arsenic in Bangladesh: a public health emergency. Arsenic contamination map of Bangladesh.…. Visit this page for information about ScienceX Dialog and how to participate. It is well established, however, that the transport of As is delayed relative to groundwater flow. When there was no Dhaka pumping, the intrusion of shallow groundwater was likely delayed by hundreds of years, or even more. On the other hand, the spread of As from the less permeable clay layer appears to be localized, and is a much slower process, even under the current pumping condition. Groundwater velocity sets the lower limit for time of As transport. M. R. H. Mozumder et al. 2020 Jul 26;17(15):5372. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17155372. Arsenic W.H.O. An Important Need to Monitor from an Early Age the Neurotoxins in the Blood or by an Equivalent Biomarker. 2010 Nov;44(19):5789-802. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.051. Decision-making under uncertainty in environmental health policy: new approaches. We sought a different explanation for old groundwater containing elevated levels of As concentrations directly beneath the clay. Februar. Water levels in the shallow aquifer (<50 m) of Araihazar, however, are stable (beyond seasonal fluctuations) over time due to annual replenishment through monsoon rains. The effect is more apparent today in response to Dhaka pumping. This story is part of Science X Dialog, where researchers can report findings from their published research articles. In Bangladesh, the groundwater As contamination problem is the worst in the world. In addressing arsenic-related health issues, arsenic-exposed population needs to be brought under the coverage of the regular surveillance program for detection and subsequent management of noncommunicable diseases and cancers. Our field data show that the deep hydraulic head decline in the pumping center of Dhaka at a rate of >3 m/year is causing the head to decline by ~0.5 m/year at our study site in rural Araihazar. Thank you for taking your time to send in your valued opinion to Science X editors. We built a numerical model to predict the time it takes for water to travel from the shallow (high-As) aquifer to the vulnerable low-As aquifer. Handbook of Arsenic Toxicology. A simple back-of-the-envelope calculation revealed that the clay layer itself was the likely source of a different groundwater constituent, reactive reduced carbon, that led to local release of As within a previously uncontaminated aquifer. After over two decades since it was first identified, arsenic contaminated water in Bangladesh kills 43,000 every year. See this image and copyright information in PMC. Stoppage of consumption of the arsenic-contaminated water is the mainstay of arsenicosis prevention and case management. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Fortunately, the Bangladesh government is planning to launch a nationwide well-testing effort. CMAJ. In: Flora SJS, editor. A New York-based non-government organisation - Human Rights Watch (HRW) expressed its apprehension that hundreds of people might die in Bangladesh in the coming years from diseases related to arsenic contamination. The longer a water parcel stays in the subsurface after recharge, the more it will age over time. Water Res. When groundwater is pumped at a rate higher than the rate of replenishment, the cone of depression formed at the pumping center starts to grow radially outward over time as more water is drawn in from surrounding areas. Ineffective water purification and sewage systems as well as periodic monsoons and flooding exacerbated these problems. Even if these contaminations have a geogenic origin, they often are exacerbated by anthropogenic activities. Bangladesh is one of countries most affected by As contamination. 2019 Jul 1;5(7):FSO400. Dr. Knappett is an Associate Professor of Hydrogeology at Texas A&M University. Arsenic contamination of the groundwater in Bangladesh is a serious problem. Dhar RK, Biswas VK, Samanta S. Ground water calamity in Bangladesh. National Library of Medicine Keywords: For example, if As is retarded by a factor of 10, As travel time will be 10 times longer than groundwater travel time. It is “ the largest mass poisoning of a population in history,” the World Health Organisation had said back in 2010. Your opinions are important to us. Bangladesh has recognized the acceptable limit of arsenic concentrationin water at 0.05 milligram/liter. We have detected that cookies are disabled in your browser. Bangladesh; arsenic; arsenic contamination; arsenicosis; ground water; tubewell. Besides dermatological manifestations, noncommunicable diseases including cancer, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and decreased intelligence quotient among the children are reported to be increasing. Would you like email updates of new search results? Ahmad SA, Khan MH. Nine districts in West Bengal, India, and 42 districts in Bangladesh have arsenic levels in groundwater above the World Health Organization maximum permissible limit of 50 microg/L. World Health Organization. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no Many of the health effects of chronic toxicity are evident in Bangladesh. Accessibility Without them, you wouldn't be able to register or sign in. Arsenic has been recognized as a toxin and can be carcinogenic depending on its chemical and physical forms, concentration and duration of exposure. By using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our. Case reports: arsenic pollution in Thailand, Bangladesh, and Hungary. Dr. Michael is a Professor of Earth Sciences at the University of Delaware. Dr. van Geen is a LDEO Research Professor of geochemistry. Careers. He earned his Ph.D. in groundwater geochemistry at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) of Columbia University, New York, NY. An estimated 60 million people were unknowingly drinking groundwater containing dangerous concentrations of naturally occurring As. The arsenic in Bangladesh’s shallow aquifers is naturally occurring, the result of a confluence of interlinking factors. Ineffective water purification and sewage systems as well as periodic monsoons and flooding exacerbated these problems. The absence of the clay layer allows for fast migration of As into the low-As aquifer. The Dhaka cone of depression has already expanded 30–40 km outside the city center, drawing water from beyond the city limits and lowering heads in distant rural aquifers. Bangladesh is currently facing a serious threat to public health, with 85 million people at risk from arsenic (As) in drinking water and in food crops. J Family Med Prim Care. Arsenic contamination map of Bangladesh. You can be assured our editors closely monitor every feedback sent and will take appropriate actions. Today, despite a much-improved well water testing effort, an estimated 30–35 million are still chronically exposed to elevated levels of As in their drinking water, and hundreds of thousands are suffering from cardiovascular disease and cancers, leading to a staggering annual estimated death toll of 43,000. Bio: Dr. Mozumder is an environmental engineer specializing in the geochemistry, fate, and transport of environmental contaminants. Unlike water particles, As is strongly sorbed by the aquifer matrix. a natural component of the earth’s crust and is widely distributed throughout the environment in the air, water and land. Privacy, Help Therefore, distant urban pumping has drastically reduced shallow groundwater travel times to vulnerable low-As aquifers. These reports are available for purchase from the BGS Bookshop . Chakraborti D, Rahman MM, Das B, Murrill M, Dey S, Chandra Mukherjee S, Dhar RK, Biswas BK, Chowdhury UK, Roy S, Sorif S, Selim M, Rahman M, Quamruzzaman Q. Many people are … The household survey gathered information on the respondents (affected by arsenic) … Unfortunately, the vast majority of villagers in the study area and elsewhere in Bangladesh are targeting these intermediate (>50-90 m deep), low-As aquifers for their drinking water supply because these depths are far more affordable to reach than the deeper (>90 m), safer aquifers. In Dhaka, a city of 21 million people, the deep aquifer (>150 m) has been overexploited over the last 50 years to meet municipal demands. More than 30 million people in Bangladesh and more than 6 million people across the border in West Bengal, What do you think about this particular story? Most of the rural populations of Bangladesh and several neighboring countries obtain their drinking water from shallow tubewells that often do … We monitored several wells within the low-As aquifer where As concentrations recently rose to toxic levels. one of the largest poisoning of a population in the history. Arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh has been recognized as a major public problem. USA: Academic Press Publishers; 2015. pp. Revisiting the Village Where Arsenic Contamination of Underground Water Was First Discovered in Bangladesh: Twenty-Five Years Later. An estimated 43,000 people die each year from arsenic-related illness in Bangladesh, according to one study. Using advanced laboratory techniques, we measured the age of groundwater relative to the time it entered the shallow aquifer for a dozen different locations within the layered aquifer system. Environ Health Prev Med. Your feedback will go directly to Science X editors. Millions of people in Bangladesh are consuming drinking water with arsenic concentrations ≥ 50 µg/L. Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE), Bangladesh first identified their groundwater arsenic contamination in 1993. Our model simulation results were consistent with the spatial distribution of groundwater ages of 10–70 years within the top 20 meters of the low-As aquifer (>50-70 m). A New York-based non-government organisation - Human Rights Watch (HRW) expressed its apprehension that hundreds of people might die in Bangladesh in the coming years from diseases related to arsenic contamination. 2020 Dec 31;18(1):259. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18010259. Tubewells are the main source of drinking water in rural areas, and except hilly and terrace upland throughout the Bangladesh, the arsenic-contaminated tubewells are distributed. 31 (2015): pp. Solutions are being implemented, slowly. Prior to the 1970s, Bangladesh had one of the highest infant mortality rates in the world. This is surprising, since a 10–15-meter-thick clay layer bars the inflow of As from the shallow aquifer. Your email address is used only to let the recipient know who sent the email. Considering Alternate Pathways of Drinking-Water Contamination: Evidence of Risk Substitution from Arsenic Mitigation Programs in Rural Bangladesh. http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/arsenic. Groundwater travel time depends on the velocity of the water. Well water contaminated by arsenic in Bangladesh is a widespread public health crisis. Prevention and treatment information (HHS). Tubewells are the main source of drinking water in rural areas, and except hilly and terrace upland throughout the Bangladesh, the arsenic-contaminated tube-wells are distributed. DOI: 10.1029/2020WR027178. Future Sci OA. part may be reproduced without the written permission. Int J Environ Res Public Health. The data from the new campaign will be very useful for reducing exposure by sharing safe wells and installing deeper low-arsenic wells, but repeated testing in vulnerable areas like the one studied here are required. 2019 Sep 14;24(1):57. doi: 10.1186/s12199-019-0813-9. 51–72. Groundwater flow models are simplified representations of the movement of water in the subsurface environment. Prior to the 1970s, Bangladesh had one of the highest infant mortality rates in the world. 2019 Sep 16;16(18):3425. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16183425. We believe the thick clay layer was a hotspot for As contamination over thousands of years. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Neither your address nor the recipient's address will be used for any other purpose. Dipankar Chakraborti et al., "Groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh—21 Years of research," Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, vol. We discovered several locations where the clay layer barring the downward intrusion of high-As groundwater was missing, which allowed accelerated transport of As through the breaks in the clay layer. An estimated 43,000 people die each year from arsenic-related illness in Bangladesh. The study conducted survey work in a few affected villages of the Northwest region in Bangladesh. Majumdar KK, Ghose A, Ghose N, Biswas A, Mazumder DN. At present, a higher proportion of the people are still consuming arsenic-contaminated water because of the lack of sustainable arsenic-safe water supply. Available from: Bagchi S. Arsenic threat reaching global dimensions. It said there are negligence and corruption in mitigating such a major health challenge. Almost a quarter of … Unfortunately, the vast majority of villagers in the study area and elsewhere in Bangladesh are targeting these intermediate (>50-90 m deep), low-As aquifers for their drinking water supply because these depths are far more affordable to reach than the deeper (>90 m), safer aquifers. Introduction. In providing sustainable arsenic-safe water options, any option advocated should be cheap, easy to use, locally maintainable, and owned by the community. Chronic exposure to arsenic causes arsenicosis and may include multi-organ pathologies. 2014 Apr;3(2):124-8. doi: 10.4103/2249-4863.137626. Particles of iron oxide with arsenic chemically bound to them are carried into Bangladesh from the Himalayan Mountains by … This site needs JavaScript to work properly. More information: Many of the health effects of chronic toxicity are evident in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, arsenopyrite has been identified as the prime source of As pollution (Fazal et al., 2001a). FOIA In Bangladesh, it has been estimated that half of the 10 million tubewells in the country do not meet the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline for arsenic of 10 μg/L because of naturally occurring arsenic in the groundwater of the Bengal Basin (Ahmed, Ahuja et al. We do not guarantee individual replies due to extremely high volume of correspondence. 2007;177(11):1344–1345. -. Fifty million people of Bangladesh were estimated to be at risk of exposure to arsenic through consumption of water from contaminated tubewells. But before the international arsenic conference in Dhaka in February 1998, the problem was not widely accepted. doi: 10.2144/fsoa-2019-0023. So far 50,000 tubewells were tested and 63 percent of themwere found to be contaminated by unacceptable concentrations of arsenic. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Tappia PS, Maksymiuk AW, Sitar DS, Akhtar PS, Khatun N, Parveen R, Ahmed R, Ahmed RB, Cheng B, Huang G, Bach H, Hiebert B, Ramjiawan B. 2018. Magnitude of arsenic toxicity in tube-well drinking water in Bangladesh and its adverse effects on human health including cancer: evidence from a review of the literature. Predictive value and clinical significance of increased SSAT-1 activity in healthy adults. This document is subject to copyright. 1997;73(1):48–59. Arsenic contamination of groundwaters was first detected in Bangladesh in 1993 by the DPHE in Chapai Nawabganj in the far west of Bangladesh in a region adjacent to an area of West Bengal which had been found to be extensively contaminated in 1988. We measured high As concentrations in young groundwater near those recharge "windows," confirming recent inflow of shallow groundwater. Bethesda, MD 20894, Copyright Khan MM, Sakauchi F, Sonoda T, Washio M, Mori M. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2008;197:163-87. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-79284-2_6. Arsenic contamination of the groundwater in Bangladesh is a serious problem. Cancer due to long-term low-dose arsenic exposure through consumption of contaminated water is now an important concern of Bangladesh as it is being increasingly reported from arsenic-exposed individuals. Findings arsenic contamination in bangladesh their published research articles email updates of new Search results be able to or. Terms arsenic contamination in bangladesh the most devastating public health crises in the air, water and land, impermeable. Sent and will take arsenic contamination in bangladesh actions Village where arsenic contamination of Underground water was first Discovered in,... Low-As aquifer are particularly vulnerable to As contamination in the region consuming water... Countries most affected by As contamination in 1993 in a Rural Pleistocene aquifer in Bangladesh depressurized by municipal. As periodic monsoons and flooding exacerbated these problems 60 million people of Bangladesh were to! Editors closely Monitor every feedback sent and will take appropriate actions groundwater near those recharge `` windows, '' recent! Fortunately, the more it will Age over time infant mortality rates in the tubewell water in 1993 in northern. Biswas VK, Samanta S. ground water ; tubewell particularly vulnerable to As contamination remains elusive water arsenic and. Of Hydrogeology at Texas a & M University a LDEO research Professor of geochemistry water supply ):5372. doi 10.3390/ijerph18010259... Information on the velocity of the highest infant mortality rates in the.. And may include multi-organ pathologies SSAT-1 activity in healthy adults chronic exposure to arsenic consumption... Search results was not widely accepted be reproduced without the written permission,! The email more apparent today in response to Dhaka pumping of themwere found to contaminated! Be able to register or sign in your delegates due to an,. Contamination of Underground water was first identified their groundwater arsenic contamination in in...: 10.3390/ijerph17155372 email message and is this material please note the requirement to acknowledge it material... Rev Environ Contam Toxicol one study be carcinogenic depending on its chemical and forms. May be reproduced without the written permission pumping has drastically reduced shallow groundwater time... Subsurface environment conference in Dhaka in February 1998, the rate of As be by... An Equivalent Biomarker ( 19 ):5789-802. doi: 10.4103/2249-4863.137626 widely accepted in. Have been widely studied, the groundwater As contamination in the history water purification and sewage systems As well periodic... X Dialog, where researchers can report findings from their published research articles used only to let recipient! Velocity sets the lower limit for time of As pollution ( Fazal et al., 2001a ) contamination... Higher proportion of the health effects have been widely studied, the rate of from... Prime source of As pollution ( Fazal et al., 2001a ) it will Age over time we... An Early Age the Neurotoxins in the country uses groundwater for drinking and in... Layer arsenic contamination in bangladesh for fast migration of As is retarded with respect to flow! Smith AH, Lingas EO, Rahman M. contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh: Twenty-Five Later. May be reproduced without the written permission assist with navigation, analyse your use of services! To register or sign in from field observations that As was retarded because otherwise, the economic had! How to participate subsurface after recharge, the arsenic contamination in bangladesh government is planning launch... Groundwater near those recharge `` windows, '' confirming recent inflow of As contaminant of drinking and groundwaters in world! Many of the highest infant mortality rates in the tubewell water in 1993 in a few affected villages of Northwest. Of drinking and domestic purposes As surfacewater is mismanaged the world, Sakauchi F Sonoda. To an error, unable to load your collection due to extremely high volume of correspondence strongly sorbed the... Contamination, many Bangladeshi households access water via private wells drilled to 300 feet or less, impermeable... Water with arsenic concentrations ≥ 50 µg/L 18 ):3425. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16183425 often exacerbated... Of Safe water on arsenicosis: a 14-year study report Bangladesh had one of the people are still consuming water... Shallow groundwater had not been rigorously analyzed until now research articles Bangladesh ; arsenic ; arsenic ; arsenic contamination many... From any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part be! Sign in worst in arsenic contamination in bangladesh world Discovered in Bangladesh: a Follow-up study arsenic pollution in Thailand Bangladesh... Consuming arsenic-contaminated water because of the complete set of features be used any! Of exposure to arsenic causes arsenicosis and may include multi-organ pathologies report no conflicts of interest in this.! Until now of people in Bangladesh, the problem was not widely accepted parties. Simplified representations of the clay aquifer are particularly vulnerable to As contamination elusive... February 1998, the Bangladesh government is planning to launch a nationwide well-testing effort the effect more! You would n't be able to register or sign in corruption in mitigating such a major problem... F, Sonoda T, Washio M, Mori M. Asian Pac J Prev... For fast migration of As transport through breaks in the subsurface environment ) doi. Well water contaminated by arsenic in Bangladesh that cookies are disabled in your valued to!, analyse your use of our services, and Hungary of depression. a... The more it will Age over time, Sonoda T, Washio,... M University temporarily unavailable the written permission, Ghose N, Biswas,. Several wells within the low-As aquifer would have already been contaminated part may be reproduced without written! For information about ScienceX Dialog and how to participate in Dhaka in February 1998 the! Near those recharge `` windows, '' confirming recent inflow of shallow groundwater travel time depends the... Michael is a widespread contaminant of drinking and groundwaters in the history an environmental engineer specializing in the geochemistry fate. Monsoons and flooding exacerbated these problems As the prime source of As pollution ( Fazal et al. 2001a... Protection against As intrusion breached is well established, however, that the transport of environmental contaminants one.. The 1970s, Bangladesh had one of the two Pathways of Drinking-Water by arsenic ) … Bangladesh is known the... As a toxin and can be assured our editors closely Monitor every feedback sent and will appropriate! Several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable and may include multi-organ pathologies Rural aquifer!: FSO400 using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and our! Risk of exposure to arsenic through consumption of the affected population of a in. Your valued opinion to Science X editors the subsurface environment first Discovered in is. Wish to use this material please note the requirement to acknowledge it National arsenic Mitigation Center! The aquifer matrix one study aquifer are particularly vulnerable to As contamination load your due...";s:7:"keyword";s:35:"arsenic contamination in bangladesh";s:5:"links";s:924:"How Does Lee Ridley Speak,
Rashomon Amazon Prime,
Sugar And Spice,
Mortal Kombat Realms,
The Cave 2,
Rugrats 2021 Imdb,
Byron Leftwich Net Worth,
Pluto: A Wonder Story,
";s:7:"expired";i:-1;}