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";s:4:"text";s:15740:"Genetic engineering may eventually bring advantages that are, as of 2012, at the speculative stage. Nutr Res Rev. As a matter of fact, 97% of edible GMOs among cultivated GMOs (soy, corn and oilseed rape or canola, excluding cotton) are grown in South and North America – all these plants have been modified to tolerate and/or produce one or more pesticides and contain therefore such residues at various levels. The first of these has been particularly successful; in the USA, for example, insect resistant GM maize is grown over an area of 10.6 million hectares and comprises 35% of all maize (GM and non-GM) grown in the country 63). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16277398, Nordlee JA, Taylor SL, Townsend JA, Thomas LA, Bush RK. Biofortification via genetic engineering strives to promote food sources for hundreds of millions of people by enhancing the nutritional quality of staple crops. Agriculture Economics. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a common bacteria that has played a very uncommon role in agriculture and the development of genetically modified foods. Ye X, Al-Babili S, Klöti A, Zhang J, Lucca P, Beyer P, Potrykus I. Other crops grown commercially and/or field-tested are sweet potato resistant to a virus that could destroy most of the African harvest, rice with increased iron and vitamins that may alleviate chronic malnutrition in Asian countries and a variety of plants that are able to survive weather extremes. They offer better overall quality and taste. A wide range of crops resistant to pests, diseases, and herbicides. GM technology has been adopted more rapidly than any other agricultural technologies. Humans have been exploiting this for centuries—shuffling genes in increasingly systematic ways and using extensive crossing and artificial selection—to create many combinations that would never otherwise have occurred. Paris: OECD Documents; 1996. These countries account for 40% of the global farmlands used for GM crop cultivation 16). Genetically Modified Foods Role Increasing Food Production, Genetically Modified Foods Role in Increasing Nutritional Content, Glyphosate exposure, cardiovascular diseases and cancer risks, Genetically modified food and potential to cause allergy, Genetically Modified Food and Gene transfer studies in human volunteers, Genetically Modified Foods on Human Health. Genetically modified crops for industrial products and processes and their effects on human health. 2005 Apr; 16(2):123-32. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15831376/. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3791249/, University of Minnesota. Desirable traits are selected, combined and propagated by repeated sexual crossings over numerous generations. It is a relatively new technology that may bring huge benefits, but that also has the potential for misuse. MacLean GD, Waterhouse PM, Evans G and Gibbs MJ (eds) 1997, Commercialisation of Transgenic Crops, Bureau of Resource Sciences, Australian Government Publishing Service. Genetically modified crops: methodology, benefits, regulation and public concerns. Genetically engineered (GE) seed varieties were commercially introduced in 1996. GMF found in most of processed foods 26) : Timeline of GMO being introduced into US Foods 28). The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications, Improving the Regulation of Genetically Modified Foods and Other Novel Foods in Canada. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/stakeholders/downloads/2015/coexistence/Ruth-MacDonald.pdf, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service. Our ancestors sped up the process when they saved seeds of cream-of-the-crop plants to grow the next time, and the next, and the next. U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group. Almost all GMOs disseminated in the environment are plants, namely soy, maize, cotton, and oilseed rape (1995-2010) and more recently in November 2015, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) after several years of study approved genetically modified (GM) faster-growing salmon as safe for human consumption 132). Even though you may not realize it, you are probably eating GMOs right now. Snell C, Bernheim A, Bergé JB, Kuntz M, Pascal G, Paris A, Ricroch AE. Potrykus I. They generally cannot afford to irrigate their crops or purchase herbicides or pesticides, leading to a vicious circle of poor crop growth, falling yields and pest susceptibility 57). }); What are Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) ? The purpose of genetically altering, also called genetically engineering (GE), plants is to improve their durability, such as through drought tolerance or disease resistance, or their nutritional value. 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