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";s:4:"text";s:9775:""Nevertheless, throughout most of the period of the Mamluk sultanate (1250–1517), the city of Alexandria was a busy entrepôt for trade between Egypt and Europe. In the ancient time, Alexandria was called as the center of Hellenistic civilization. She was a handsome, able, and ambitious woman noted for her charm. Following its recovery from the devastation of the bubonic plague in the mid-14th century, Alexandria was able to profit from the growth of the East-West spice trade, which flowed through Egypt. The royal quarter was located in the city’s northern section. The Canopic (westernmost) branch of the Nile Delta still existed at that time, and was widely used for shipping. Thenceforth, apart from an interlude in 645 when the city was briefly retaken by the Byzantine fleet, Alexandria’s fortunes were tied to political and cultural developments in Islam. The five hundred thousand or so volumes were not codices but scrolls, made of papyrus and written by hand. Ancient Egypt spanned nearly 3,000 years. Disaffection with Byzantine rule created the conditions in which Alexandria fell first to the Persians, in 616, and then to the Arabs, in 642. Plutarch attributes the library’s loss to a fire started by Julius Caesar during the siege of Alexandria in 48 BC. Breakwaters were added to the seaboard harbours. Years later, the city suffered many earthquakes during the years 956, 1303 and then in 1323. All the best Ancient Alexandria Egypt Painting 33+ collected on this page. Caesar helped her defeat Ptolemy, who was killed, and restored her to the Egyptian throne as joint ruler with her youngest brother, Ptolemy XIII. Alexandria was also home to the largest Jewish community in the ancient world. Greek, Egyptian and Jewish citizens each resided in different quarters within the city. there’s no ship for you, there’s no road. She still continued to be a prominent port city with a bustling social sphere. He amuses himself in his down time by writing. Unfortunately, this gold mine of science, history, math, and literature was destroyed. This was one of the chief reasons that induced Octavian to place it directly under imperial power. Alexandria became a lucrative node in the trade network of the Mediterranean, and attracted commerce from the east, north, and west. Scant information about the design of the beacon or the internal layout of the top two tiers has survived. A series of elevators or dumbwaiters brought the fuel to the top chamber. Jews occupied two of the city's five quarters and worshipped at synagogues. In any case, circa 51 BC, the Ptolemies (Cleopatra’s dynasty) still had control of Egypt, which paved the way for their bitter embroilment in two successive Roman civil wars. Alexandria played a major part in the intrigues that led to the establishment of imperial Rome. Cleopatra VII Philopator (January 69 BC – August 12, 30 BC) was the last Pharaoh of Egypt's Ptolemaic dynasty. Alexandria was left culturally and financially impoverished in the wake of this discord leaving it vulnerable. Underwater excavations of the harbour revealed the Ptolemies transported obelisks and statues from Heliopolis and positioned them around the lighthouse to demonstrate their control over Egypt. In 2004 a Polish-Egyptian team claimed to have discovered a part of the library while excavating in the Bruchion region. According to historian Cassius Dio, over 20,000 people were killed. In contrast to their later prominence, there is no good sign of a sizeable Jewish community in the third century BCE.". In 215 AD the emperor Caracalla visited the city and, because of some insulting satires that the inhabitants had directed at him, abruptly commanded his troops to put to death all youths capable of bearing arms[citation needed]. At the same time, the city could enjoy a fresh water supply by means of a canal from the Nile. Christine Favard-Meeks & Dimitri Meeks, "The heir of the Delta"; in Jacob & de Polignac (1992/2000); pp. If such a city was to be on the Egyptian coast, there was only one possible site, behind the screen of the Pharos island and removed from the silt thrown out by the Nile, just west of the westernmost "Canopic" mouth of the river. Often, scientists would re-write old scrolls that were badly written or It achieved fame in antiquity as the site of the great Pharos Lighthouse, one of the fabled Seven Wonders of the Ancient World for the Library of Alexandria and for the Serapion, the Temple of Serapis, which formed part of a famed seat of learning with the legendary library. In time the leading thinkers of the age, mathematicians, poets, scribes and scientists from a host of civilizations came to Alexandria to study at the library and exchange ideas. With the Ottoman defeat of the Mamlūks in 1517, Egypt’s status shifted to that of a province within a wider empire, charge of which fell to the Ottomans. In any case, there is no doubt that the Great Library of Alexandria was a massive structure, with various estimates pointing out that it could hold over half-a-million books. Emperor Hadrian had it restored to its former glory. Following the Emperor Constantine’s proclamation in 313 CE (of the Edict of Milan promising religious tolerance, Christians were no longer prosecuted and began to not agitate for greater religious rights, while attacking Alexandria’s pagan and Jewish population. The French army under Napoleon captured the city in 1798 and the British soon captured it from the French, retaining Alexandria within their sphere of influence for 150 years. The Egyptian city of Alexandria was established in 331 BCE by its Eponymous founder, Alexander the Great. The Brucheum and Jewish quarters were desolate in the 5th century, and the central monuments, the Soma and Museum, fell into ruin. Modern Alexandria is a port set on Egypt’s northern Mediterranean coast. After its foundation, Alexandria became the seat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, and quickly grew to be one of the greatest cities of the Hellenistic world. Posted By: Dattatreya Mandal In the ancient time, Alexandria was called as the center of Hellenistic civilization. Alexandria also served as the setting for the stormy relationship between Cleopatra and Julios Ceasar and Mark Antony. In the year 1365, Alexandria was brutally sacked after being taken by the armies of the Crusaders, led by King Peter of Cyprus. The city held the key to the Egyptian granary on which Rome increasingly came to rely. This page was last edited on 8 October 2020, at 08:47. The second largest city in Egypt, Alexandria also was called "The Pearl of the Mediterranean". And by 30 BC, their entire Egyptian realm was formally annexed by Rome, and Alexandria was declared as a province of the newly formed Roman Empire under the directive of Augustus. Ancient accounts are extremely numerous and varied, and much influenced by subsequent developments. [21] In the year 828, the alleged body of Mark the Evangelist was stolen by Venetian merchants, which led to the Basilica of Saint Mark. David is a freelance writer, non-fiction and fiction author and university lecturer in journalism, marketing and law. A decisive break occurred at the Council of Chalcedon in 451; the council deposed Dioscorus, the Alexandrian pope, and adopted a Christological statement that was regarded by Egyptian Christians as compromising belief in the divine Son. There was also the town of Menouthis. Some researchers certainly think so. Alexandria’s harbours were first consolidated then expanded. While the Egyptians greatly admired Alexander to the extent that the Oracle at Siwa declared him a demi-god, Alexander departed Egypt after only a few months to campaign in Phoenicia. growing brittle with age. Now in terms of design, the Lighthouse of Alexandria built from light-hued stone blocks was vertically divided into three components – the lowermost (and broadest) square section with four huge facades, the thinner middle section with an octagonal plan, and the upper-most slimmest section with a circular plan. It is generally thought to have been founded at the His commander, Cleomenes was given the responsibility of constructing Alexander’s vision for a great city.eval(ez_write_tag([[468,60],'givemehistory_com-box-3','ezslot_2',104,'0','0'])); While Cleomenes made substantial progress, Alexandria’s initial flowering occurred under the rule of Ptolemy one of Alexander’s generals. Hero (10-70 CE) one of the ancient world’s leading engineers and technologist was a native of Alexandria. The city also was important as a naval base, especially under the Fāṭimids and the Mamlūks, but already it was contracting in size in line with its new, more modest status. of the library complex, the temple of the Muses - the Musaeum (which is the source of the word "museum"). said that all together, the rooms uncovered so far could have seated 5000 students. It was during the breakdown of the First Triumvirate, though, that we see direct negative sanctions being placed on Alexandria. To join over 5,600 other subscribers, simply provide your email address: Screenshot of ancient Alexandria (reconstruction) from Assassins Creed: Origins by Ubisoft Studios, Ancient Alexandria of Egypt: History and Reconstruction, Archaeologists discover more skeletons and gold coins in the ruins of Pompeii, Restored Pompeii kitchens give us an idea of how Romans cooked, 1600-year old catacomb frescoes of Jesus Christ unraveled by laser cleaning technique, Seven Wonders of the Ancient World: History and Reconstructions, The oldest Egyptian writing on papyrus relates to the Great Pyramid of Giza, Visually Reconstructed Evolution of the Ancient Roman Soldier from 8th century BC to 3rd Century AD. 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