";s:4:"text";s:23183:"Robert Clive established the first slaughterhouse of India in Calcutta in 1760. On 22 November 1774 Clive died, aged forty-nine, at his Berkeley Square home in London. As Britain and France were once more at war, Clive sent the fleet up the river against the French colony of Chandannagar, while he besieged it by land. The Viceroys of India (History and Politics) Mark Bence-Jones. At this point a mutiny in the Bengal army occurred, which was a grim precursor of the Indian rebellion of 1857, but on this occasion it was quickly suppressed by blowing the sepoy ringleader from a gun. He sent Major Coote in pursuit of the French almost as far as Benares. Some officials of the Nawab's court formed a confederacy to depose him. He was the subject of an 1880 poem by Robert Browning, and Clive became popular as a given name. [20] Clive arrived at Fort St. George in June 1744, and spent the next two years working as little more than a glorified assistant shopkeeper, tallying books and arguing with suppliers of the East India Company over the quality and quantity of their wares. [11], While busy with the civil administration, Clive continued to follow up his military success. [12] Despite his early lack of scholarship, in his later years he devoted himself to improving his education. Clive was born in the parish of St George's, Hanover Square, London, a younger son of Edward Clive, 1st Earl of Powis, son of Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive ("Clive of India"). He was allowed to sit in the Commons because his peerage was Irish. Clive amassed a huge personal fortune in India, and following his return to England was the subject of a parliamentary enquiry into corruption. The immediate consequence of Clive's victory at Plassey was an increase in the revenue demand on Bengal by at least 20%, much of which was appropriated by Zamindars and corrupt Company Officials, which led to considerable hardship for the rural population, particularly during the famine of 1770. Clive of India was born on 29 September 1975 at Styche near Market Drayton in Shropshire. By this deed the company became the real sovereign rulers of thirty million people, yielding a revenue of £4,000,000 sterling (equivalent to £550,000,000 in 2019). [11], Clive had now an opportunity of repeating in Hindustan, or Upper India, what he had accomplished in Bengal. Chanda Sahib's forces advanced to meet them, but retreated after a brief long-range cannonade. [30] During the 1748 Siege of Pondicherry Clive distinguished himself in successfully defending a trench against a French sortie: one witness of the action wrote Clive's "platoon, animated by his exhortation, fired again with new courage and great vivacity upon the enemy. The policies of the East India Company under him – in particular a punitive land tax – were also held responsible for exacerbating a disastrous famine, which killed ten million people, or about a third of Bengal’s population. Robert Clive was not in southern India for many of these events. According to the new arrangement enforced by him, the company became liable only for revenue affairs of Bengal (Diwani) and Bihar while the administration and law and order was made a prerogative of the Nawab. The historian Thomas Babington Macaulay wrote a century later of the siege: ... the commander who had to conduct the defence ... was a young man of five and twenty, who had been bred as a book-keeper ... Clive ... had made his arrangements, and, exhausted by fatigue, had thrown himself on his bed. For once in his career Clive hesitated, and called a council of sixteen officers to decide, as he put it, "whether in our present situation, without assistance, and on our own bottom, it would be prudent to attack the Nawab, or whether we should wait till joined by some country (Indian) power." His mother was Lady Henrietta, daughter of Henry Herbert, 1st Earl of Powis. Robert Clive was born at Styche, the Clive family estate, near Market Drayton in Shropshire, on 29 September 1725 to Richard Clive and Rebecca (née Gaskell) Clive. Shortly beforehand, he had been offered command of British forces in North America which he had turned down. This became a source of conflict with the British in India with the entry of Britain into the War of the Austrian Succession in 1744. A Clive Memorial Fund committee was established, with Curzon publicising the fundraising efforts an… Even allowing for overestimation this was considerably more than Clive's force of approximately 540 British infantry, 600 Royal Navy sailors, 800 local sepoys, fourteen field guns and no cavalry. He had been well received at court, had been made Baron Clive of Plassey, County Clare, had bought estates, and had a few friends as well as himself returned to the House of Commons. [41] He and his colleague, John Stephenson were later unseated by petition of their defeated opponents, Richard Hussey and Simon Luttrell.[42]. [52] The non-graduate Clive received an honorary degree as DCL from Oxford University in 1760, and in 1764 he was appointed Knight of the Order of the Bath. Most recent historical views of Clive have been negative: Simon Schama has called him a ‘sociopathic, corrupt thug’. This enabled him to learn some Portuguese,[18] one of the several languages then in use in south India because of the Portuguese centre at Goa. [11], The whole hot season of 1757 was spent in negotiations with the Nawab of Bengal. When she arrived Clive was a national hero. A statue of him was erected by in 1916. A plaque to Clive was proposed in 1908, but the owner of 45 Berkeley Square – a descendant – declined it. [27][28] Upon his arrival, Clive decided to enlist in the Company army rather than remain idle; in the hierarchy of the company, this was seen as a step down. For reasons that are unknown, Clive was sent to live with his mother's sister in Manchester while still a toddler. The Family Home of Clive of India. Even before news of the peace arrived in India, the British had sent an expedition to Tanjore on behalf of a claimant to its throne. However that may be, he did well as a soldier to trust to the dash and even rashness that had gained Arcot and triumphed at Calcutta since retreat, or even delay, might have resulted in defeat.[11]. During the assault, around one tenth of the British attackers became casualties. Hence he returned to the Awadh viceroy all his territory save the provinces of Allahabad and Kora, which he presented to the weak emperor. Mohammed Ali Khan Wallajah was recognised as Nawab, and both nations agreed to equalise their possessions. [29] Clive was, however, recognised for his contribution in the defence of Fort St. David, where the French assault on 11 March 1747 was repulsed with the assistance of the Nawab of the Carnatic, and was given a commission as ensign. On the left bank of the Bhagirathi, the most westerly of these, 100 miles (160 km) above Chandernagore, stands Murshidabad, the capital of the Mughal viceroys of Bengal. Hostilities in India began with a British naval attack on a French fleet in 1745, which led the French Governor-General Dupleix to request additional forces. That night Clive led most of his force out of the fort and launched a surprise attack on the besiegers. In the mid-1700's the East India Company has power over commerce on the sub-continent, with the blessings of the British government. SOLDIER AND In 1744 Clive's father acquired for him a position as a "factor" or company agent in the service of the East India Company, and Clive set sail for India. With only 70 men in the fort, Clive once again was able to disguise his small numbers, and sowed sufficient confusion against his enemies that multiple assaults against the fort were successfully repulsed. The date was 12 August 1765, the place Benares, the throne an English dining-table covered with embroidered cloth and surmounted by a chair in Clive's tent. The action was led by Admiral James Watson and the British had several ships available, some Royal troops and some Maratha allies. Dupleix was rewarded for French assistance with titled nobility and rule of the nizam's territories south of the Kistna River. Following Irish independence, these lands became state property. The politician Pitt the Elder, called Clive a ‘heaven-born general’, and he was made Baron Clive of Plassey – though even Lord Curzon, a later admirer, described the encounter that gave Clive his title as ‘in truth scarcely a battle’. The policies of the East India Company under him – in particular a punitive land tax – were also held responsible for exacerbating a disastrous famine, which killed ten million people, or about a third of Bengal’s population. Some miles farther down is the field of Plassey, then an extensive grove of mango trees. The European merchant companies raised bodies of troops to protect their commercial interests and latterly to influence local politics to their advantage. [59][60] These revelations and the subsequent debates in parliament reduced Clive's political popularity considerably. The British, under Colonel Francis Forde, defeated the Dutch in the Battle of Chinsurah, forcing them to withdraw. [39], Clive also briefly sat as Member of Parliament for the Cornwall rotten borough of St Michael's, which then returned two Members, from 1754 to 1755. Over the next week Clive and his men worked feverishly to improve the defences, aware that another 4,000 men, led by Chanda Sahib's son Raza Sahib and accompanied by a small contingent of French troops, was on its way. On 8 February 1907, Sir William Forwood wrote to The Times noting that there were no monuments to Clive in London or India, and that even his grave, in the church at Moreton Say, Shropshire, was unmarked. [46][47] While the Black Hole became infamous in Britain, it is debatable whether the Nawab was aware of the incident. The plaque is rectangular, to better fit the building’s stonework, and calls him ‘Clive of India’. Meanwhile, Clive improved the organisation and drill of the sepoy army, after a European model, and enlisted into it many Muslims from upper regions of the Mughal Empire. Nevertheless, the Court of Proprietors, forced the Directors to hurry Lord Clive to Bengal with the double powers of Governor and Commander-in-Chief. He was born at Styche House, near Market Drayton, and lies buried in St Margaret’s Church at Moreton Say, north-west of the town. Fort St. George and the French trading post at Pondicherry were both located in the Nawab's territory. These forces met those of Anwaruddin Mohammed Khan in the Battle of Ambur in August 1749; Anwaruddin was slain, and Chanda Sahib victorious entered the Carnatic capital, Arcot. He financially supported his parents and sisters, while also providing Major Lawrence, the commanding officer who had early encouraged his military genius, with a stipend of £500 (equivalent to £100,000 in 2019) a year. Immediately thereafter Parliament began debating the Regulating Act of 1773, which significantly reformed the East India Company's practices. Upon the death of Asaf Jah I, his son, Nasir Jung, seized the throne of Hyderabad, although Asaf Jah had designated as his successor his grandson, Muzaffar Jung. The affair was a serious blow: 15 of Clive's men were killed, and another 15 wounded. When war again broke out in 1756, during Clive's absence in Bengal, the French obtained successes in the northern districts, and it was Mohammed Ali Khan Wallajah's efforts which drove them from their settlements. [21], The India Clive arrived in was divided into a number of successor states to the Mughal Empire. Its moat was shallow or dry, and some of its towers were insufficiently strong to use as artillery mounts. Finally Clive's long-suffering father could stand no more, and the young man was packed off to India aged 17 (or 18, depending on your source!) Later in 1772, Clive was invested Knight of the Bath (eight years after his knighthood had been awarded),[53] and was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Shropshire. Questioned about some of the large sums of money he had received while in India, Clive pointed out that they were not contrary to accepted company practice, and defended his behaviour by stating "I stand astonished at my own moderation" given opportunities for greater gain. Not long after, in a depressive episode, he attempted suicide with a pistol that refused to fire: ‘It appears I am destined for something, I will live’, was his reported reaction. 19 January 1762, d. unm 20 October 1795), Elizabeth Clive (bapt 18 November 1764 Condover, d. young). [45], Following this action Clive headed to his post at Fort St. David and it was there he received news of twin disasters for the British. The salaries of civil servants were increased, the acceptance of gifts from Indians was forbidden, and Clive exacted covenants under which participation in the inland trade was stopped. Clive took £160,000 (equivalent to £21,600,000 in 2019), a vast fortune for the day, while £500,000 (equivalent to £70,000,000 in 2019) was distributed among the army and navy of the East India Company, and provided gifts of £24,000 (equivalent to £3,200,000 in 2019) to each member of the company's committee, as well as the public compensation stipulated for in the treaty. Lawrence procured for Clive a position as the commissary at Fort St. George, a potentially lucrative posting (its pay included commissions on all supply contracts).[35]. Mother 's sister in Manchester while still a toddler small British force highlighted the need for of! 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